Author: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (European Commission) Personal author(s): Manoudi, Anna; Duell, Nicola
Client: European Commission, in cooperation with ICF
Publisher: Publications Office of the European Union
Year: 2025
Language: English
The aim of this ECE (European Center of Expertise in the field of labour law, employment and labour market policies) Thematic Review and of the present synthesis report is to review the most recent data and expert knowledge on the phenomenon of people of working age outside the labour force, to understand drivers for not being in the labour force, and thus for being neither employed nor looking and being available for employment, and to map relevant policies and measures in the Member States to (re-) activate people outside the labour force in light of high and persistent labour and skills shortages.
Nicola Duell drafted the country report Germany as well parts of the synthesis report.